Publication

Foreign Policy Planning Efforts in India

Acertain element of planning is inherent in every human activity. Any decision or action that one takes anticipates consequences, sometimes immediate and sometimes distant. That is why St. Augustine has described the future as a present expectation. Viewed in this perspective, planning of some kind is a hallmark of human activity and in recent decades considerable attention has been given to organise and systematise it with a view to grappling with the ever-growing complexities of life.

Signals and Orchestration: India’s Use of Compellence in the 2001–02 Crisis

How effective was the Indian government in sending clear, coercive signals and orchestrating them into coherent messages during 'Operation Parakram' in 2001-02? This study finds that compellence was hampered by three factors: (1) the government kept changing its demands; (2) the lack of adequate civil-military coordination; and (3) the government engaged in a dual-track policy of direct coercion of Pakistan, while simultaneously engaging the United States to put pressure on Pakistan. Ultimately, these two policy strands worked at cross-purposes to each other.