Maldives’ foreign policy has witnessed a shift from ‘India First’ under former President Ibrahim Solih to ‘India Out’ that was central to Mohammed Muizzu’s presidential campaign.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s May 2023 electoral victory reinforces the dominance of political Islam in Turkiye’s politics, despite economic crises.
Influence Operations (IOs) are tailored actions to shape perceptions of a targeted audience within the information domain. They pursue political, economic, social, or military outcomes. Their adaptable transparent nature poses challenges for containment. Pakistan’s IOs, active since Partition, target India a (especially Jammu and Kashmir) through State agencies like the Inter-Services Public Relations and its support to non-State entities. Their objectives vary from destabilization to reshaping the culture of J&K.
Militancy in Jammu and Kashmir has continued to remain communal, even as ‘secular’ justifications for acts of terror are being professed in the information domain.