Violent non-state actors across Africa have demonstrated ideological and operational resilience and have used violence to extract concessions from states.
The allure of putting boots on the ground grows stronger as the conflict drags on, and a conclusive victory seems elusive for the US/Israel, creating an Augean dilemma for its strategic leadership.
The future wave of violent extremism will be increasingly decentralised, AI-driven, and post-organisational, requiring a new-age counter-violent extremist framework.
