1971, the War as I Saw It
2023 ,
Introduction I joined the Pakistan Military Academy in Kakul, Abbottabad, as a cadet in November 1967 and passed out from there as a Regular Commissioned Officer in October 1969. My...
Read MoreJournal of Defence Studies
The Battle of Garibpur
2023 ,
The ‘Lightning Campaign’ to liberate Bangladesh during the 1971 IndoPak War was one of the finest moments in Indian history. The ‘Battle of Garibpur’ fought on 21–22 November 1971, before...
Read MorePolitics in Pakistan and the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971
2023 ,
The Partition of India in August 1947 was a colossal man-made catastrophe resulting in the formation of Pakistan, with its east and west wings.Jinnah’s two-nation theory ignored the diverse culture...
Read MoreDid Pakistan Learn from its Bangladesh Experience?
2023 ,
This article seeks to re-analyse the pattern of Pakistani response to the demands from East Bengal as a federating unit with distinct linguistic and regional identity, which led to eventual...
Read MoreMistakes on Repeat Mode: Pakistan’s Civil–Military Debacle
2023 ,
The military has been an integral part of Pakistan’s survival since the formation of that nation state. The idea of the country was based on a united Islamic religion, but...
Read MoreThe Mukti Bahini: Three Dimensional Guerillas
2023 ,
Introduction The 1971 Indo-Pakistan War fought half a century ago remains one of the few twentieth century conflicts where armed forces of both sides deployed in all three dimensions—land, sea...
Read MoreSagat and Helicopters True Pillars of Victory
2023 ,
This article looks at the real issues that were responsible for destabilising the centre of gravity of Pakistan Army in the eastern sector. Lieutenant General (Lt Gen) Sagat’s contribution was...
Read MoreEagle Unleashed IAF Strategy and Operations
2023 ,
The only unfettered use of air power in India’s wars was in 1971, and it produced disproportionate and decisive outcomes. IAF’s air strategy, the extent of its role in contributing...
Read MoreLanguage, Culture and the Creation of Bangladesh
2023 ,
The objective of this article is to analyse the role of language and culture in the creation of Bangladesh. The ethno-linguistic identity of the people of East Pakistan became a...
Read MoreRole of the United States in the 1971 War: Implications for India–US Relations
2023 ,
The India–Pakistan War of 1971 happened at the time when the US was developing a new balance of power relationship in Asia with US-ChinaPakistan at its core. This new balance...
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