Emerging Threat Vectors: Drones and Autonomous Systems in the Indian Defence Spectrum

This article examines the strategic implications of drones and autonomous systems within India’s evolving defence and security environment. It argues that autonomy should not be assessed merely as a platform capability, but as a structural force that compresses decision cycles, complicates attribution and reshapes escalation control. Focusing on India’s contested borders, grey-zone pressures, and proximity to technologically capable adversaries, the article analyses emerging threats from China and Pakistan, gaps in India’s doctrine, training, C2 integration, cyber resilience and civil– military technology fusion. It recommends a decision-centric approach to threat assessment, supported by doctrinal reform, red teaming, indigenous autonomy stacks, and institutionalised operational learning.