Repeated attacks on Chinese nationals on Pakistani soil is seen as a critical challenge for continued China–Pakistan economic cooperation.

The US factor remained a quintessential element in the 2024 Pakistan elections, given the Pakistan diaspora, the US Congress’ Pakistan Caucus and the PTI pressure groups.

The fragmented mandate will further exacerbate Pakistan’s many political, economic and security challenges.

Shared security interests and Turkiye’s growing indigenous capabilities will likely ensure that the Pakistan–Turkiye defence cooperation continues on its upward trajectory.

The 4 November 2023 attack on the Pakistan Air Force base by an affiliate of the TTP highlights the threat posed by the group to the Pakistani state.

Nawaz Sharif's statements on forging 'good ties' with India after his return to Pakistan are unlikely to translate to any meaningful forward movement in bilateral ties.