Ajey Lele replies: Amongst these countries, Canada is not a space-faring nation, means a nation without having own satellite launching capability. France has developed significant amount of capabilities to launch various categories of satellites, however, their key focus is to launch heavy satellites (the French company, Arianespace, founded in 1980 as the world's first commercial launch services provider, has launched many satellites. So far they have launched 15 satellites for India. They launch satellites which are mostly in 4 to 5 ton category and they are put in geostationary orbit, i.e., at the altitude of 36,000 km above the earth's surface).

India has developed expertise in the area of launching small and medium satellites in low/medium orbits (say up to the altitude of 1000 km weighing 1.5 ton or less). During present launch (PSLV C-20), six out of seven satellites were less than 150 kg in weight (four satellites were weighing between 14 to 3 kgs) and were put at an altitude of approximately 780 to 790 km. One satellite SERAL (409 kg) is an India-France collaborative effort. Also, normally India offers cost-effective launching facilities and, more importantly, Indian facilities are most reliable, hence the choice.

Rajneesh Singh replies: Reform to the Higher Defence Organisation of India has been a long standing demand of the Services and of the strategic community. In the wake of the Kargil war, the Government of India had constituted the Kargil Review Committee (KRC) to look into the episode of Pakistan’s aggression in the Kargil Sector. The Committee comprised of four members, namely Mr. K. Subrahmanyam (Chairman), Lieutenant General (retd.) K. K. Hazari, Mr. B.G. Verghese and Mr. Satish Chandra, Secretary, National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) and also Member Secretary.

A Group of Ministers (GOM) was also constituted by the Prime Minister on April 17, 2000 to review the national security system in its entirety and in particular to consider the recommendations of the KRC and formulate specific proposals for implementation. The GOM after initial deliberations decided to address the recommendations of the KRC through four Task Forces, one each in the areas of Intelligence Apparatus, Internal Security, Border Management and Management of Defence. The Task Forces considered not only the recommendations of the KRC falling within their respective competencies, but also other aspects impinging upon national security which were not touched upon by the KRC. Consequent to deliberations and recommendations of the KRC and the GOM, some changes were made to the Higher Defence Organisation, viz. integration of the Service Headquarters with the Ministry of Defence (MoD), establishment of HQ Integrated Defence Staff (IDS), Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) and so on. However, one of the major recommendations of the KRC and the GOM was to have an appointment of the CDS. For variety of reasons, the government did not consider it prudent to establish this appointment.

In 2011, the government convened Naresh Chandra Committee to deliberate on issues concerning national security. The report of the deliberations of the committee has been submitted to the government and presentation on the key recommendations has been made to the National Security Council (NSC). Both the print and electronic media have carried news items regarding its key recommendations. If the media reports are to be believed, the committee has recommended the appointment of the permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC). The exact details regarding the appointment will only be known once the report is declassified. In all likelihood, the appointment of the CDS may not come through in the near future.
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For more on the subject, refer to the following IDSA publications:

All essays published in the first issue (vol. 1, Issue 1, 2007) of the Journal of Defence Studies, available at http://www.idsa.in/jds/1_1_2007

Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee: A Midway Solution
By Rajneesh Singh, August 7, 2012
http://idsa.in/idsacomments/ChairmanChiefsofStaffCommitteeAMidwaySolutio...

A Call for Change: Higher Defence Management in India, IDSA Monograph Series No. 6, 2012, at http://idsa.in/monograph/ACallforChangeHigherDefenceManagementinIndia

Jointness in Armed Forces and Institution of Post of Chief of Defence Staff are Mutually Exclusive
By Vinod Patney, Journal of Defence Studies, 2 (1), Summer 2008, at http://www.idsa.in/jds/2_1_2008_JointnessinArmedForcesandInstitutionofPo...

Reply: Refer to the IDSA comment, “The Eurozone Crisis and India-EU Ties” by Gulshan Sachdeva, at http://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/TheEurozoneCrisisandIndiaEUTies_gsacjdev...