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About the Book

Terrorism finance has aptly been termed as the lifeblood of terrorism. Yet, this remains one of the most under researched facets of terrorism. This limitation is even more apparent in the Indian context, despite the fact that the country has faced the scrouge of terrorism and insurgency for over five decades. Lifeblood of Terrorism: Countering Terrorism Finance, is the first book on the subject in an Indian context. The book contextualises the concept of terrorism finance to local realities based on distinct peculiarities as related to India. It documents the sources, transfer mechanisms and employment of funds for supporting organisational structures and acts of terrorism. The book also analyses two case studies to highlight in detail the methods employed for external and internal funding. The challenges associated with terrorism finance are further related to contributing factors which have aggravated the threat.

A SWOT analysis of existing sources, challenges and approach to terrorism finance is employed to suggest a strategy for countering the financing of terrorism. The strategy recommends measures at the policy planning level to curb the threat at the source of terror funding, transfer stage and during distribution of finances. The book further suggests organisational changes to improve the approach to terrorism finance without undertaking major restructuring of the existing setup.

About the Author

Colonel Vivek Chadha (Retd), served in the army for over 22 years, before taking premature release to pursue research. He is a Research Fellow at the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA), New Delhi. He has written extensively on counterterrorism and counterinsurgency in the Indian context. His single author books on the subject of terrorism include, Low Intensity Conflicts in India – An Analysis and Company Commander in Low Intensity Conflicts. In addition, he has contributed a number of chapters in edited books, papers in journals and articles for newspapers. He is the co-editor of the annual Asian Strategic Review and is on the editorial board of the Journal of Defence Studies at IDSA.

Contents

Introduction

Countering the Challenge

Relevance of Countering the Financing of Terrorism

Contextualising the Argument

Shaping the Approach

SECTION I: SOURCES AND CHALLENGES OF TERRORISM FINANCE

1. 1. Existing Assessment of the Sources and Linkages Between Terrorism Finance, Money Laundering and CrimeIdentification
      Assessment
      Crime, Money Laundering and Terrorism Finance Nexus
   2. External Sources of Terrorism FinanceNGO s, Charities and Donations
      Counterfeiting of Currency
      Narco Finance
      State Sponsorship
      Means of Transfer
      Case Study: Fake Indian Currency Notes
      Origin of Fake Indian Currency Notes
      Creation of a National Network
      Modus Operandi
      Routes Employed for Transfer of Fake Indian Currency Notes
      Implications of Conviction
   3. Internal Sources of Terrorism FinanceExtortion and Taxation…
      Crime
      Non-Governmental Organizations
      Designated Non Financial Businesses and Professions
      Means of Transfer
      Case Study of the United National Liberation Front
   4. Contributing FactorsIdentification and Evaluation of Threat
      Corruption
      Shortage of Manpower
      Capacities
      Coordination
      Forensic Training
      Prosecution and Conviction
      Speed of Trial
   5. Funding Patterns and TrendsGenerational Funding
      Diversity of Sources
      Narco Terrorism
      Trans Border Mobility
      Counterfeiting
      Conclusion

SECTION II: International Guidelines and Case Studies

1. 1. International Guidelines for Countering the Financing of Terrorism
      
      UN Guidelines
      Financial Action Task Force
   2. Assessment of the US and EU CFT Initiatives
      
      US Strategy
      European Union Strategy
      Assessment of US the and European Union Models

SECTION III: Strateg y for Countering the Financing of Terrorism

1. Existing Countering the Financing of Terrorism Framework and Purpose of a Strategy
   
   Existing Framework
   Purpose of Strategy
   Long Term Vision
2. Strategy for Countering the Financing of Terrorism
3. External Sources Counterfeit Currency
   D rug Trafficking
   Non-Governmental Organizations/Charities
   State Funding
   Means of Transfer
4. Internal Sources Extortion
   Charities and Non-Governmental Organizations
   Crime
   Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions
   Means of Transfer
5. Contributing FactorsIdentification and Evaluation of Threat
   Corruption
   Need for a Unified Mechanism
   Coordination
   Legislative Support
   International Co-operation
   Border Management
   Building Strength of Forces
   Freezing Financial Assets
   Private Sector
   Capacity Building and Training
   Prosecution and Speed of Trail
   Conclusion
6. Countering the Financing of Terrorism Organisation: Assessment and OptionsCountering the Financing of Terrorism Agencies
   Policy Agencies
   Criminal Justice and Operational Agencies
   Evaluation of the Organisational Structure
   Recommendations

Annexures

Annexure 1: SWOT Analysis
Annexure 2: Statement of Manjunath J.
Annexure 3: Seizures Made by DRI
Annexure 4: The FA TF Recommendations: February 2012

Index

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