Violent non-state actors across Africa have demonstrated ideological and operational resilience and have used violence to extract concessions from states.
The broader goal of the Artemis programme is to establish human settlements on the lunar surface while laying the foundation for future deep-space exploration.
The allure of putting boots on the ground grows stronger as the conflict drags on, and a conclusive victory seems elusive for the US/Israel, creating an Augean dilemma for its strategic leadership.